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Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a pathological condition characterized by a long increase in pressure indicators in the arteries with a large amount of blood circulation.The disease is the rise of diastolic blood pressure, but in most diagnoses, the patient's systolic (upper) pressure continues to increase.

What do you think is the pressure has increased

To this day, the blood pressure classification accepted in 1999 is still valid.The following is normal:

  • Best - Less than 120/80 mm Hg.Art.;
  • Physiological specifications - less than 130/85 mm Hg.Art.;
  • Normal increase - in the range of 130–139/85–89 mm Hg.Art.

An increase in pressure indicates the formation of hypertension.The internal level of pathology is as follows:

  1. Soft (I Degree) -140–159/90–99 mm Hg.Art.
  2. Moderate (II grade II) -160–179/100–109 mm Hg.Art.
  3. Heavy (III Degree) - Over 180/110.

Boundary guns were diagnosed in the 140-149/90 mm Hg indicator.Art.under.It is accompanied by stress growth and its spontaneous and stable attacks.

The isolated systolic hypertension was diagnosed as an index of 140 and above / 90 and above MM Hg.Art.This type of pathology is characterized by an increase in systolic index at the physiological level of the diastolic phase.

AG classification (main, secondary)

The classification of hypertension is based on several signs.When systematizing, doctors will consider:

  • Causes of pathological development;
  • Defeated by the target organ;
  • Current blood pressure levels, etc.

Depending on the cause, habits are distinguished:

  1. Main (required).
  2. Secondary (symptomatic) hypertension.

Through the nature of the channel, benign (slow development) and malignant (fast deterioration of conditions) arterial hypertension.

Secondary (symptomatic) variety of hypertension

Secondary (symptomatic) arterial hypertension is a disease that develops due to damage to the organs responsible for blood pressure regulation.It is characterized by a stubborn process, no positive response to the antihypertensive therapy performed, and changes in the target organs, especially the formation of heart, renal failure, etc.

If primary hypertension (required format) is a separate disease, the secondary form is always the main pathological symptom.Arterial hypertension syndrome is accompanied by quite a number of diseases.Of all confirmed cases of continuous blood pressure elevation, 10% were diagnosed.

The classification of symptomatic hypertension is based on the factors that cause the disease.

distinguish:

  1. Neurogenic hypertension.Development is due to lesions of the central nervous system and related pathology, such as brain tumors.
  2. Kidney disease (the origin of the kidney).They are divided into interstitial, renal filling, renal blood vessels, mixed and rhino forms.
  3. Endocrine AG.There are adrenal, thyroid, pituitary and menopause formats.
  4. Hemodynamics - caused by the pathology of the heart and aortic channels.
  5. Dosage form.Its development is due to the use of oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, etc.

The magnitude and resistance of blood pressure increase, the severity of changes in left ventricular state and changes in fundus are the basis of another classification.Doctors distinguish the following symptomatic hypertension:

  1. Transient.For pathology, stress indicators usually increase in the short term.The changes in fundus state are completely non-existent.Left ventricular hypertrophy is almost unfixed.
  2. Negative.It is characterized by moderate, briefly elevated blood pressure (no independent reduction occurred).The left ventricle is hypertrophy and weak, and the retinal blood vessels in the eyes are narrowed.
  3. Stable.It is accompanied by stable hypertension.The myocardial thickening in the fundus blood vessels was diagnosed, which was a serious violation.
  4. Malignant (uncontrolled).It is accompanied by a sharp increase in blood pressure.The result is unfavorable.

The following forms of symptomatic hypertension were found:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure that circulates in a small circle).When determining the blood pressure of the pulmonary artery above 25 mm, it is determined as a diagnosis.RT.Art.
  • Vasorsenal AH is a secondary form of pathology due to insufficient renal circulation with impaired arterial throughput.
  • Portal hypertension is a symptom form of the disease, accompanied by an increase in internal pressure in the portal vein.
  • Virsungov catheter hypertension.It develops in the context of chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

Consequences and complications

Distance with long-term hypertension, the blood vessels of the target organs are damaged: the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes.Violations of the loop process can lead to such as:

  • Anginal attack,
  • Myocardial infarction,
  • Neurological complications, etc.

Important!In the context of a sharp rise in blood pressure, the formation of acute states needs to be reduced within the first few minutes/hour.

reason

The reasons for the development of the basic form of pathology determined by doctors are unknown.Several theories were nominated:

  1. Neurosource (inheritance).The reasons for development are chronic stress, severe emotional shocks and psychological harm.All of this causes failure in the neuromodulation process and is accompanied by an increase in activity of the sympathetic nervous system.The result is a difference between the signal and all organs and an increase in tone of the container wall.
  2. Large salt.The process of fluid overload and the output of certain trace elements is damaged.Due to excessive sodium salt content, the total blood volume increases.The body's attempt to maintain the hemostasis process at a physiological level leads to small blood vessel spasm.An indicator of tiny volume of the heart, but total blood pressure is increased.

Important!Doctors believe that the reason for the development of AH is the increase in sympathetic nervous system activity.

The modified (variable) risk factors that can cause arterial hypertension are:

  • Age - The diagnosis of disease occurs among people of the elderly human category;
  • Bad habits - smoking, alcohol intake;
  • A state of long-term stress;
  • Inadequate physical exercise;
  • overweight;
  • Accompanying pathology - Diabetes is particularly disadvantageous;
  • Excess salt, lack of potassium.

The causes of increased blood pressure may vary.Active work of the adrenal glands and trends in genetic levels can serve as a trigger.

symptom

During the initial stage of formation, arterial hypertension is asymptomatic.The patient will only understand the existence of the problem after serious complications occur.

The only sign of pathology can be called an increase in stress indicators.There are no complaints at all, otherwise they are not specific:

  • The headache is located in the forehead area and the back of the head;
  • Dizziness;
  • noise.

The first complaint was formed in the context of defeating the target organ.At this stage, the following symptoms are noted:

  • Dizziness, accompanied by headaches, noise - is the logical result of circulatory diseases;
  • The question of starting to remember;
  • Numbness of hands/legs;
  • weakness;
  • Double the visible image;
  • Flashing black dots in the field of view;
  • Vocabulary of speech (very rare);
  • Kidney disease.

Symptoms are typical of the final stages.They are coming as pathological formation begins.

With heart damage, the left ventricle (LV) begins to hypertrophy.The reason for the change is the compensatory reaction of the human body, which can stabilize the increased load on its walls.The increase in the ventricle is due to the increase in the number of cardiomyocytes.As the condition worsens, the heart ventricularis is expanded.

This damage to the organ can be manifested in form:

  • The formation of heart failure,
  • Sudden cardiac arrest,
  • ischemic disease,
  • Stomach rhythm disease,
  • Heart asthma,
  • Shortness of breath during load.

Important!Cardi pain develops in the AG context during absolute rest periods or due to emotional overvoltage.One feature is the inability to stop attack with a pill of glycerol.

If the kidneys are damaged, the presence of protein in the urine can be observed.The appearance of blood impurities is not excluded.The possibility of renal failure is very small.

Urine analysis of arterial hypertension

The main clinical sign of arterial hypertension is headache.Appears at any time of the day, but usually in the morning.The patient is considered an outbreak or pain.The localized position is the back of the head, but spreading to other areas of the head is not ruled out.Tilt and cough can enhance soreness.It may be in response to stressful situations (body strain).

diagnosis

The diagnosis of this disease is designed to address the following issues:

  • Establish pathology and determine the current level;
  • Identify the origin of hypertension (primary/secondary form);
  • Differential diagnosis;
  • Identify the presence/absence of damage to the target organ.

When having a private conversation with the patient, the doctor discovered some necessary points:

  1. There are cases of disease in nearby environments.
  2. Frequency frequency with fixed pressure.
  3. Whether the patient has a history of chronic disease.

Calculate body mass index (BMI).Obesity is one of the potential provocations of hypertension.

After the examination is completed, blood pressure is measured.To determine the degree of arterial hypertension, the patient is prescribed by the manifestation of blood pressure, that is, the patient is measured at home by himself.It is necessary to make 4 measurements: two in the morning, two in the evening, for several consecutive days.

The results must be included in the table.If the index exceeds 140/90 mm Hg.Art, we can talk about the existence of arterial hypertension.

Sometimes a brush is specified (blood pressure is monitored every day).If the patient's measurements remain normal, the technique is shown, but another symptom occurs.

Important!SMAD is a multiple measurement of blood pressure indicators throughout the day.Measurements are performed by special equipment.

Determine the development of arterial hypertension and determine the true causes of damage to the target organ:

  • Check the kidney system.Including urine studies - general tests.The retrial system of radioisotope introduction is stipulated, ultrasound examination is performed.
  • Heart test.Using ECG (ECG shows growth of ROAD R), echocardiography (which allows you to see signs of pathological increase in the left ventricle and other transformations).
  • Ophthalmic examination of the eyes.The sign of the disease is visual impregnation of the blood vessels, sealing.No bleeding was ruled out.
  • Ultrasound examination of the thyroid and adrenal glands.
  • Blood tests are a common test and expand on biochemistry.

Differential diagnosis (DIF) is necessary when diagnosing a secondary form of hypertension.She passed in two stages:

  • Analyze clinical situations and file complaints, especially physical examinations, auscultations, tool/laboratory studies on patients;
  • Diagnostic measures allow you to evaluate the functional status of the organ and existing changes, especially the need to delete the heart chart.

These methods are believed to help confirm the diagnosis, determine the origin of the disease and select treatments that are adequate for the state.

treat

Hypertension treatment begins with revisions to lifestyle and non-pharmacological treatments.The exception is secondary hypertension.

Drug treatment of arterial hypertension provides intake of the following drug groups:

  1. Diuretic.These drugs have a positive impact on the status of the cardiovascular system.Reception does not accompany the development of side effects.The treatment of the disease begins with diuretics (contraindications - diabetes and gout).In the context of treatment, the kidneys remove urine, so excess water and sodium salts increase.Diuretics are used in combination with other hypertension.
  2. alpha receptor blocker.The difference between drugs is good tolerance.They do not affect blood sugar levels.The pulse (frequency of myocardial contraction) is slightly increased, providing a decrease in blood pressure.The occurrence of orthostatic hypotension at the beginning of drug treatment in this group became a side effect.To rule out its development, it is recommended to take medicine before bedtime.
  3. Beta-Blockers.Lower heart rate, accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure.
  4. ACE inhibitor.Modern drugs are characterized by high therapeutic effects and good tolerance.In the context of funding in patients, the form of angiotensin II - a hormone that stimulates vascular stenosis does not occur.Therefore, the peripheral container is enlarged and the heart works at a calm rhythm.Blood pressure indicates a decrease.
  5. Antagonist Angiottensin-II.The medication also blocks angiotensin II.If ACE inhibitors are not accepted, they will be appointed.
  6. Calcium antagonist.The drug expands the gap in the blood vessels, thus preventing the development of stroke.These drugs have excellent therapeutic effects and are well tolerated.There are a small number of contraindications.Most often prescribed as part of complex treatments.

Treatment is strictly prohibited even after blood pressure is stable.In this case, the disease will begin to develop again, which will negatively affect the status of the target organ.In addition, the risk of developing heart disease and stroke is greatly increased.

Treatment of the disease is performed on an outpatient basis: the patient takes the selected medication independently.In severe cases, hospitalization is recommended.

In addition to taking medication, massage can be provided for treatment of pathology.The procedure not only helps reduce stress, but also helps the overall enhancement of the body, improves the activity of the cardiovascular system, etc.Read more about various massages in our articles: High Pressure Massage - Classics, Points and Other Effective Methods.

Nutrition

Abide by dietary nutrition principles is one of the important stages for stabilizing blood pressure indicators.When using hypertension, it is recommended to use a diet No. 10.

In the initial stage of pathological formation (AH 1 degree), it is necessary to follow the diet No. 5.It specifies restrictions on the use of table salt.As the country deteriorates and the development of cardiac and vascular system invasion, it is recommended to transition to Section 5 A. Diet.

If the disease is complicated by atherosclerosis, diet 10 c.The cholesterol-lowering diet is prescribed to reduce fat-consuming, easy-to-digest carbohydrates from animal origin.The diet should include foods high in dietary fiber, vegetable fat and protein.

The list of allowed products is listed by the following positions:

  • Bread - wheat, rye, whole grains, bran.Non-love baking, baking.
  • Vegetable soup seasoned with cereals.
  • Meat of dietary types: poultry, rabbits.It can be boiled and baked.
  • Sea/river fish.seafood.
  • Seasonal vegetables.You can prepare the stew from them.
  • Acid - Small fat and low fat cheese.Low-fat sour cream (on a plate).
  • Soft eggs (no more than 3 pieces per week).
  • Dairy and ketchup.
  • Croatia, pasta.
  • Oil (to add finished product).
  • Fruit/berry (any form).It can be used to prepare combinations, jelly, jelly.
  • Juice, milk tea, rose hip soup.

It must be completely excluded from the diet:

  • Freshly baked bread, Sdoba, complex pastries.
  • Delicious soup.
  • Fat meat.
  • Smoked meat, sausage.
  • Fish (salty/smoked), caviar.
  • Fat seasoning, cheese, cream.
  • Spring, radish, spinach, horseradish, mushrooms.
  • Ice cream, chocolate, candy, strong tea, coffee.

The salt content must be greatly reduced.

Salt and arterial hypertension

prevention

Preventing diseases is nonspecific.Standard recommendations:

  1. Adhere to dietary nutrition principles and do not include or significantly reduce the quantity of certain products.Reduce animal salt and fat consumption.During cooking, it is recommended not to suck food.It is necessary to give up fat/sharp/fried dishes.
  2. Daily physical exercise based on age group.Performing gymnastics can improve human wells.It is recommended to participate in running, walking, swimming, visiting the gym and performing breathing exercises.At the beginning of the course, the body should receive a minimum load.It must be gradually increased.
  3. Normalization of weight is one of the prerequisites for successful prevention.
  4. It is necessary to learn how to control stress conditions, as this is completely contrary to the work of the central nervous system, which doctors call the main cause of disease development.Automatic training, meditation, self-thorny disease helps this.
  5. Totally reject bad habits.Smoking and alcohol can also cause pathology.

Pathophysiology considers arterial hypertension as one of the most severe pathology, not only the deterioration of the patient's quality of life, but also the ability to cause death.This is why it is necessary to get professional consultation and start treatment if necessary when elevated blood pressure occurs.